TY - JOUR

T1 - Antiviral photodynamic therapy: Inactivation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using methylene blue and Radachlorin

AU - Svyatchenko, Victor A.

AU - Nikonov, Sergey D.

AU - Mayorov, Alexander P.

AU - Gelfond, Mark L.

AU - Loktev, Valery B.

N1 - Funding Information: The research was supported by the Novosibirsk State University, Russia; Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy, Russia. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Elsevier B.V. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2021/3

Y1 - 2021/3

N2 - Introduction: Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread globally, necessitating the development of new methods for its prevention and treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Methods: Vero E6 cells and SARS-CoV-2 isolated in Russia were used for PDT with methylene blue (MB) and Radachlorin. A continuous laser with wavelength λ = 662 nm in doses of 16 J/cm2 and 40 J/cm2 laser irradiation was used for PDT of a viral suspension and SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. The direct cytopathogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated via light microscopy to calculate the TCID50 in the samples and perform statistical analysis. Results: Viral suspensions of SARS-CoV-2 that had a TCID50 greater than 103 were inactivated by PDT in the presence of MB and Radachlorin. Vero E6 cells were protected from 104 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 by PDT post infection. The range of protective concentrations was 1.0–10.0 μg/ml and 0.5–5.0 μg/ml for MB and Radachlorin, respectively. Additionally, it was found that MB and Radachlorin also possess significant antiviral activity even without PDT. The 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) against 102 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be 0.22 and 0.33 μg/mL with the addition of MB and Radachlorin, respectively, to cells concomitantly with virus, whereas in the case of applying the photosensitizers at 3.5 h post infection, the IC50 was 0.6 and 2.0 μg/mL for MB and Radachlorin, respectively. Conclusion: PDT shows high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 when combined with MB and Radachlorin in vitro.

AB - Introduction: Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread globally, necessitating the development of new methods for its prevention and treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Methods: Vero E6 cells and SARS-CoV-2 isolated in Russia were used for PDT with methylene blue (MB) and Radachlorin. A continuous laser with wavelength λ = 662 nm in doses of 16 J/cm2 and 40 J/cm2 laser irradiation was used for PDT of a viral suspension and SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. The direct cytopathogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated via light microscopy to calculate the TCID50 in the samples and perform statistical analysis. Results: Viral suspensions of SARS-CoV-2 that had a TCID50 greater than 103 were inactivated by PDT in the presence of MB and Radachlorin. Vero E6 cells were protected from 104 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 by PDT post infection. The range of protective concentrations was 1.0–10.0 μg/ml and 0.5–5.0 μg/ml for MB and Radachlorin, respectively. Additionally, it was found that MB and Radachlorin also possess significant antiviral activity even without PDT. The 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) against 102 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be 0.22 and 0.33 μg/mL with the addition of MB and Radachlorin, respectively, to cells concomitantly with virus, whereas in the case of applying the photosensitizers at 3.5 h post infection, the IC50 was 0.6 and 2.0 μg/mL for MB and Radachlorin, respectively. Conclusion: PDT shows high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 when combined with MB and Radachlorin in vitro.

KW - Antiviral photodynamic therapy

KW - COVID-19

KW - Methylene blue

KW - Radachlorin

KW - SARS-CoV-2

KW - Chlorocebus aethiops

KW - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects

KW - Photochemotherapy/methods

KW - Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology

KW - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

KW - Animals

KW - Microbiological Techniques

KW - Methylene Blue/pharmacology

KW - Vero Cells

KW - Drug Combinations

KW - Porphyrins

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102967088&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102112

DO - 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102112

M3 - Article

C2 - 33249118

AN - SCOPUS:85102967088

VL - 33

JO - Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

JF - Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

SN - 1572-1000

M1 - 102112

ER -