TY - JOUR

T1 - Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

AU - Bulusheva, Lyubov G.

AU - Fedoseeva, Yuliya V.

AU - Flahaut, Emmanuel

AU - Rio, Jérémy

AU - Ewels, Christopher P.

AU - Koroteev, Victor O.

AU - Van Lier, Gregory

AU - Vyalikh, Denis V.

AU - Okotrub, Alexander V.

PY - 2017/8/15

Y1 - 2017/8/15

N2 - Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) are fluorinated using (1) fluorine F2 at 200 °C, (2) gaseous BrF3 at room temperature, and (3) CF4 radio-frequency plasma functionalization. These have been comparatively studied using transmission electron microscopy and infrared, Raman, X-ray photoelectron, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. A formation of covalent C-F bonds and a considerable reduction in the intensity of radial breathing modes from the outer shells of DWCNTs are observed for all samples. Differences in the electronic state of fluorine and the C-F vibrations for three kinds of the fluorinated DWCNTs are attributed to distinct local surroundings of the attached fluorine atoms. Possible fluorine patterns realized through a certain fluorination technique are revealed from comparison of experimental NEXAFS F K-edge spectra with quantumchemical calculations of various models. It is proposed that fluorination with F2 and BrF3 produces small fully fluorinated areas and short fluorinated chains, respectively, while the treatment with CF4 plasma results in various attached species, including single or paired fluorine atoms and -CF3 groups. The results demonstrate a possibility of different patterning of carbon surfaces through choosing the fluorination method.

AB - Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) are fluorinated using (1) fluorine F2 at 200 °C, (2) gaseous BrF3 at room temperature, and (3) CF4 radio-frequency plasma functionalization. These have been comparatively studied using transmission electron microscopy and infrared, Raman, X-ray photoelectron, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. A formation of covalent C-F bonds and a considerable reduction in the intensity of radial breathing modes from the outer shells of DWCNTs are observed for all samples. Differences in the electronic state of fluorine and the C-F vibrations for three kinds of the fluorinated DWCNTs are attributed to distinct local surroundings of the attached fluorine atoms. Possible fluorine patterns realized through a certain fluorination technique are revealed from comparison of experimental NEXAFS F K-edge spectra with quantumchemical calculations of various models. It is proposed that fluorination with F2 and BrF3 produces small fully fluorinated areas and short fluorinated chains, respectively, while the treatment with CF4 plasma results in various attached species, including single or paired fluorine atoms and -CF3 groups. The results demonstrate a possibility of different patterning of carbon surfaces through choosing the fluorination method.

KW - Double-walled carbon nanotubes

KW - Fluorination

KW - NEXAFS

KW - Quantum-chemical modeling

KW - RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

KW - double-walled carbon nanotubes

KW - PLASMA FLUORINATION

KW - SINGLE

KW - STABILITY

KW - RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY

KW - PHOTOELECTRON

KW - fluorination

KW - GRAPHITE FLUORIDES

KW - FUNCTIONALIZATION

KW - PHOTOEMISSION

KW - X-RAY

KW - quantum-chemical modeling

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85028535725&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3762/bjnano.8.169

DO - 10.3762/bjnano.8.169

M3 - Article

C2 - 28875106

AN - SCOPUS:85028535725

VL - 8

SP - 1688

EP - 1698

JO - Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology

JF - Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology

SN - 2190-4286

IS - 1

ER -