TY - JOUR

T1 - The Determination of Inorganic Cations and Low-Molecular-Mass Anions in Serum by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

AU - Полякова, Евгения Валерьевна

AU - Narozhnykh, K. N.

AU - Солдатова, Галина Сергеевна

AU - Романова, Софья Евгеньевна

AU - Скиба, Татьяна Васильевна

N1 - The Determination of Inorganic Cations and Low-Molecular-Mass Anions in Serum by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis / E. V. Polyakova, K. N. Narozhnykh, G. S. Soldatova [et al.] // Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chemistry. – 2025. – Vol. 19, No. Suppl. 1. – P. S49-S67. – DOI 10.1134/S1990750825600955. – EDN NLFYPD. The research work was funded by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation no. 24-25-00366.

PY - 2025/12

Y1 - 2025/12

N2 - Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was employed to quantify major cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl−, SO2−4, PO3−4, lactate, citrate) in blood serum samples obtained from 40 healthy donors aged from 20 to 85 years. Ammonium concentration (µmol/L) was additionally measured in capillary blood, as this cation was not reliably detectable in deproteinized serum using CZE due to its methodological limitations. Statistical analysis revealed sex-based differences only for ammonium (p = 0.001), with higher levels observed in men compared to women (median 97.5 µmol/L vs. 89 µmol/L, respectively). Statistically significant age-related differences were observed for phosphate (p = 0.04), ionized calcium (p = 0.008), as well as Na/K (p = 0.01) and Mg/Ca (p = 0.003) ratios. Ionized calcium levels in older donors (65–85 years) were lower than in younger groups and fell below reference ranges. Lactate concentrations in young and middle-aged donors slightly exceeded literature reference values. This study established reference intervals in blood serum for all the analytes studied, including sulfate and citrate ions, for which there is almost no information in the literature about the normal concentrations of these ions. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant positive correlations between chloride and lactate, potassium and sodium, chloride and sulfate, and magnesium and ionized calcium in serum (p < 0.05). These results support the applicability of CZE for ion determination in blood serum and provide valuable reference data for clinical practice.

AB - Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was employed to quantify major cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl−, SO2−4, PO3−4, lactate, citrate) in blood serum samples obtained from 40 healthy donors aged from 20 to 85 years. Ammonium concentration (µmol/L) was additionally measured in capillary blood, as this cation was not reliably detectable in deproteinized serum using CZE due to its methodological limitations. Statistical analysis revealed sex-based differences only for ammonium (p = 0.001), with higher levels observed in men compared to women (median 97.5 µmol/L vs. 89 µmol/L, respectively). Statistically significant age-related differences were observed for phosphate (p = 0.04), ionized calcium (p = 0.008), as well as Na/K (p = 0.01) and Mg/Ca (p = 0.003) ratios. Ionized calcium levels in older donors (65–85 years) were lower than in younger groups and fell below reference ranges. Lactate concentrations in young and middle-aged donors slightly exceeded literature reference values. This study established reference intervals in blood serum for all the analytes studied, including sulfate and citrate ions, for which there is almost no information in the literature about the normal concentrations of these ions. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant positive correlations between chloride and lactate, potassium and sodium, chloride and sulfate, and magnesium and ionized calcium in serum (p < 0.05). These results support the applicability of CZE for ion determination in blood serum and provide valuable reference data for clinical practice.

KW - blood serum

KW - anions

KW - cations

KW - capillary zone electrophoresis

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105039239186

UR - https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=90832192

U2 - 10.1134/S1990750825600955

DO - 10.1134/S1990750825600955

M3 - Article

VL - 19

SP - S49 - S67

JO - Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chemistry

JF - Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chemistry

SN - 1990-7508

IS - Suppl 1

ER -