TY - JOUR

T1 - Einstein, tea leaves, meandering rivers, and the origin of supermassive black holes in ekpyrotic universe

AU - Silagadze, Z. K.

PY - 2024/11/30

Y1 - 2024/11/30

N2 - Central supermassive black holes are found in most massive galaxies. However, their origin is still poorly understood. Observations of quasars show that many supermassive black holes existed less than 700 million years after the Big Bang. To explain the existence of such black holes with masses comparable to the stellar mass of the host galaxy, just 500 million years after the Big Bang, it is probably necessary to assume that they originated from heavy seeds. In an ekpyrotic universe, a hot Big Bang occurs as a result of the collision of two branes. Quantum fluctuations create ripples on the brane surfaces, leading to spatial variations in the timing of collisions, thereby creating density perturbations that can facilitate the formation of massive black hole seeds. I hypothesize that perhaps Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni-type convection in the extra dimension is a more efficient source of macroscopic density perturbations than quantum fluctuations.

AB - Central supermassive black holes are found in most massive galaxies. However, their origin is still poorly understood. Observations of quasars show that many supermassive black holes existed less than 700 million years after the Big Bang. To explain the existence of such black holes with masses comparable to the stellar mass of the host galaxy, just 500 million years after the Big Bang, it is probably necessary to assume that they originated from heavy seeds. In an ekpyrotic universe, a hot Big Bang occurs as a result of the collision of two branes. Quantum fluctuations create ripples on the brane surfaces, leading to spatial variations in the timing of collisions, thereby creating density perturbations that can facilitate the formation of massive black hole seeds. I hypothesize that perhaps Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni-type convection in the extra dimension is a more efficient source of macroscopic density perturbations than quantum fluctuations.

KW - Marangoni-Bénard convection

KW - Rayleigh-Bénard convection

KW - Supermassive black hole formation

KW - ekpyrotic universe

UR - https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85208020650&origin=inward&txGid=b460eabb6193c69a9721d7b14ff8f541

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/0c020eaf-6609-39d6-91f2-12175458e7a5/

U2 - 10.1142/S0217732324501670

DO - 10.1142/S0217732324501670

M3 - Article

VL - 39

JO - Modern Physics Letters A

JF - Modern Physics Letters A

SN - 0217-7323

IS - 35-36

M1 - 2450167

ER -