TY - JOUR

T1 - Effectiveness of Visual vs. Acoustic Closed-Loop Stimulation on EEG Power Density during NREM Sleep in Humans

AU - Danilenko, Konstantin V.

AU - Kobelev, Evgenii

AU - Yarosh, Sergei V.

AU - Khazankin, Grigorii R.

AU - Brack, Ivan V.

AU - Miroshnikova, Polina V.

AU - Aftanas, Lyubomir I.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2020 by the authors.

PY - 2020/6

Y1 - 2020/6

N2 - The aim of the study was to investigate whether visual stimuli have the same potency to increase electroencephalography (EEG) delta wave power density during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep as do auditory stimuli that may be practical in the treatment of some sleep disturbances. Nine healthy subjects underwent two polysomnography sessions-adaptation and experimental-with EEG electrodes positioned at Fz-Cz. Individually adjusted auditory (pink noise) and visual (light-emitting diode (LED) red light) paired 50-ms signals were automatically presented via headphones/eye mask during NREM sleep, shortly (0.75-0.90 s) after the EEG wave descended below a preset amplitude threshold (closed-loop in-phase stimulation). The alternately repeated 30-s epochs with stimuli of a given modality (light, sound, or light and sound simultaneously) were preceded and followed by 30-s epochs without stimulation. The number of artifact-free 1.5-min cycles taken in the analysis was such that the cycles with stimuli of different modalities were matched by number of stimuli presented. Acoustic stimuli caused an increase (p < 0.01) of EEG power density in the frequency band 0.5-3.0 Hz (slow waves); the values reverted to baseline at post-stimuli epochs. Light stimuli did not influence EEG slow wave power density (p > 0.01) and did not add to the acoustic stimuli effects. Thus, dim red light presented in a closed-loop in-phase fashion did not influence EEG power density during nocturnal sleep.

AB - The aim of the study was to investigate whether visual stimuli have the same potency to increase electroencephalography (EEG) delta wave power density during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep as do auditory stimuli that may be practical in the treatment of some sleep disturbances. Nine healthy subjects underwent two polysomnography sessions-adaptation and experimental-with EEG electrodes positioned at Fz-Cz. Individually adjusted auditory (pink noise) and visual (light-emitting diode (LED) red light) paired 50-ms signals were automatically presented via headphones/eye mask during NREM sleep, shortly (0.75-0.90 s) after the EEG wave descended below a preset amplitude threshold (closed-loop in-phase stimulation). The alternately repeated 30-s epochs with stimuli of a given modality (light, sound, or light and sound simultaneously) were preceded and followed by 30-s epochs without stimulation. The number of artifact-free 1.5-min cycles taken in the analysis was such that the cycles with stimuli of different modalities were matched by number of stimuli presented. Acoustic stimuli caused an increase (p < 0.01) of EEG power density in the frequency band 0.5-3.0 Hz (slow waves); the values reverted to baseline at post-stimuli epochs. Light stimuli did not influence EEG slow wave power density (p > 0.01) and did not add to the acoustic stimuli effects. Thus, dim red light presented in a closed-loop in-phase fashion did not influence EEG power density during nocturnal sleep.

KW - healthy subjects

KW - NREM sleep

KW - delta wave power density

KW - acoustic stimulation

KW - visual stimulation

KW - SLOW OSCILLATIONS

KW - LIGHT

KW - WAVE

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85111417431&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/clockssleep2020014

DO - 10.3390/clockssleep2020014

M3 - Article

C2 - 33089198

VL - 2

SP - 172

EP - 181

JO - Clocks & sleep

JF - Clocks & sleep

SN - 2624-5175

IS - 2

ER -