TY - JOUR

T1 - Effect of a Perioperative Hypotension-Avoidance Strategy Versus a Hypertension-Avoidance Strategy on the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury

T2 - A Clinical Research Protocol for a Substudy of the POISE-3 Randomized Clinical Trial

AU - Garg, Amit X.

AU - Cuerden, Meaghan

AU - Aguado, Hector

AU - Amir, Mohammed

AU - Belley-Cote, Emilie P.

AU - Bhatt, Keyur

AU - Biccard, Bruce M.

AU - Borges, Flavia K.

AU - Chan, Matthew

AU - Conen, David

AU - Duceppe, Emmanuelle

AU - Efremov, Sergey

AU - Eikelboom, John

AU - Fleischmann, Edith

AU - Giovanni, Landoni

AU - Gross, Peter

AU - Jayaram, Raja

AU - Kirov, Mikhail

AU - Kleinlugtenbelt, Ydo

AU - Kurz, Andrea

AU - Lamy, Andre

AU - Leslie, Kate

AU - Likhvantsev, Valery

AU - Lomivorotov, Vladimir

AU - Marcucci, Maura

AU - Martínez-Zapata, Maria José

AU - McGillion, Michael

AU - McIntyre, William

AU - Meyhoff, Christian

AU - Ofori, Sandra

AU - Painter, Thomas

AU - Paniagua, Pilar

AU - Parikh, Chirag

AU - Parlow, Joel

AU - Patel, Ameen

AU - Polanczyk, Carisi

AU - Richards, Toby

AU - Roshanov, Pavel

AU - Schmartz, Denis

AU - Sessler, Daniel

AU - Short, Tim

AU - Sontrop, Jessica M.

AU - Spence, Jessica

AU - Srinathan, Sadeesh

AU - Stillo, David

AU - Szczeklik, Wojciech

AU - Tandon, Vikas

AU - Torres, David

AU - Van Helder, Thomas

AU - Vincent, Jessica

AU - Wang, C. Y.

AU - Wang, Michael

AU - Whitlock, Richard

AU - Wittmann, Maria

AU - Xavier, Denis

AU - Devereaux, P. J.

N1 - Funding Information: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) provided an operating grant for the main POISE-3 trial. The Kidney Foundation of Canada provided an operating grant for the POISE-3 kidney substudy and additional financial support was provided by the Department of Medicine at Western University. In addition, the authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: F.K.B. holds a McMaster University Department of Medicine Career Research Award; M.C. holds grants from the Australian NHMRC (APP1162362) and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, General Research Fund (14104419); P.J.D. was supported by a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Perioperative Medicine; A.X.G. was supported by the Dr Adam Linton Chair in Kidney Health Analytics and a Clinician Investigator Salary Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research; M.J.M.Z. is funded by a Miguel Servet II research contract from the ISCIII (CP1120/00023), Spain; T.R. is supported by the Medical and Health Research Infrastructure Fund; and P.R. was supported by the Western University Resident Research Fellowship Program. No funding entity had a role in data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript writing, or the decision to publish. Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2022.

PY - 2022/1

Y1 - 2022/1

N2 - Background: Most patients who take antihypertensive medications continue taking them on the morning of surgery and during the perioperative period. However, growing evidence suggests this practice may contribute to perioperative hypotension and a higher risk of complications. This protocol describes an acute kidney injury substudy of the Perioperative Ischemic Evaluation-3 (POISE-3) trial, which is testing the effect of a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy versus a hypertension-avoidance strategy in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Objective: To conduct a substudy of POISE-3 to determine whether a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy reduces the risk of acute kidney injury compared with a hypertension-avoidance strategy. Design: Randomized clinical trial with 1:1 randomization to the intervention (a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy) or control (a hypertension-avoidance strategy). Intervention: If the presurgery systolic blood pressure (SBP) is <130 mmHg, all antihypertensive medications are withheld on the morning of surgery. If the SBP is ≥130 mmHg, some medications (but not angiotensin receptor blockers [ACEIs], angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs], or renin inhibitors) may be continued in a stepwise manner. During surgery, the patients’ mean arterial pressure (MAP) is maintained at ≥80 mmHg. During the first 48 hours after surgery, some antihypertensive medications (but not ACEIs, ARBs, or renin inhibitors) may be restarted in a stepwise manner if the SBP is ≥130 mmHg. Control: Patients receive their usual antihypertensive medications before and after surgery. The patients’ MAP is maintained at ≥60 mmHg from anesthetic induction until the end of surgery. Setting: Recruitment from 108 centers in 22 countries from 2018 to 2021. Patients: Patients (~6800) aged ≥45 years having noncardiac surgery who have or are at risk of atherosclerotic disease and who routinely take antihypertensive medications. Measurements: The primary outcome of the substudy is postoperative acute kidney injury, defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration of either ≥26.5 μmol/L (≥0.3 mg/dL) within 48 hours of randomization or ≥50% within 7 days of randomization. Methods: The primary analysis (intention-to-treat) will examine the relative risk and 95% confidence interval of acute kidney injury in the intervention versus control group. We will repeat the primary analysis using alternative definitions of acute kidney injury and examine effect modification by preexisting chronic kidney disease, defined as a prerandomization estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results: Substudy results will be analyzed in 2022. Limitations: It is not possible to mask patients or providers to the intervention; however, objective measures will be used to assess acute kidney injury. Conclusions: This substudy will provide generalizable estimates of the effect of a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy on the risk of acute kidney injury.

AB - Background: Most patients who take antihypertensive medications continue taking them on the morning of surgery and during the perioperative period. However, growing evidence suggests this practice may contribute to perioperative hypotension and a higher risk of complications. This protocol describes an acute kidney injury substudy of the Perioperative Ischemic Evaluation-3 (POISE-3) trial, which is testing the effect of a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy versus a hypertension-avoidance strategy in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Objective: To conduct a substudy of POISE-3 to determine whether a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy reduces the risk of acute kidney injury compared with a hypertension-avoidance strategy. Design: Randomized clinical trial with 1:1 randomization to the intervention (a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy) or control (a hypertension-avoidance strategy). Intervention: If the presurgery systolic blood pressure (SBP) is <130 mmHg, all antihypertensive medications are withheld on the morning of surgery. If the SBP is ≥130 mmHg, some medications (but not angiotensin receptor blockers [ACEIs], angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs], or renin inhibitors) may be continued in a stepwise manner. During surgery, the patients’ mean arterial pressure (MAP) is maintained at ≥80 mmHg. During the first 48 hours after surgery, some antihypertensive medications (but not ACEIs, ARBs, or renin inhibitors) may be restarted in a stepwise manner if the SBP is ≥130 mmHg. Control: Patients receive their usual antihypertensive medications before and after surgery. The patients’ MAP is maintained at ≥60 mmHg from anesthetic induction until the end of surgery. Setting: Recruitment from 108 centers in 22 countries from 2018 to 2021. Patients: Patients (~6800) aged ≥45 years having noncardiac surgery who have or are at risk of atherosclerotic disease and who routinely take antihypertensive medications. Measurements: The primary outcome of the substudy is postoperative acute kidney injury, defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration of either ≥26.5 μmol/L (≥0.3 mg/dL) within 48 hours of randomization or ≥50% within 7 days of randomization. Methods: The primary analysis (intention-to-treat) will examine the relative risk and 95% confidence interval of acute kidney injury in the intervention versus control group. We will repeat the primary analysis using alternative definitions of acute kidney injury and examine effect modification by preexisting chronic kidney disease, defined as a prerandomization estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results: Substudy results will be analyzed in 2022. Limitations: It is not possible to mask patients or providers to the intervention; however, objective measures will be used to assess acute kidney injury. Conclusions: This substudy will provide generalizable estimates of the effect of a perioperative hypotension-avoidance strategy on the risk of acute kidney injury.

KW - acute kidney injury

KW - antihypertensive medication

KW - hypotension

KW - mean arterial pressure

KW - noncardiac surgery

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122518044&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/e4199e3e-a2a1-3cae-af62-933ac43b42e3/

U2 - 10.1177/20543581211069225

DO - 10.1177/20543581211069225

M3 - Article

C2 - 35024154

AN - SCOPUS:85122518044

VL - 9

SP - 20543581211069225

JO - Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

JF - Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

SN - 2054-3581

ER -