TY - JOUR

T1 - The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin

AU - Korobeinichev, Oleg

AU - Shaklein, Artem

AU - Trubachev, Stanislav

AU - Karpov, Alexander

AU - Paletsky, Alexander

AU - Chernov, Anatoliy

AU - Sosnin, Egor

AU - Shmakov, Andrey

N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded by Russian Science Foundation, grant number 20-19-00295. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.

PY - 2022/8

Y1 - 2022/8

N2 - For the first time, next to the flammability tests (LOI, UL-94 HB, VBB, TGA), experimental tests and computer simulation have been conducted on the flame spread and combustion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins (GFRER) with 6% graphene and 6% DDM-DOPO flame-retardant additives. The downward rates of flame spread (ROS) in opposed flow with oxidizer and the upward ROS along GFRER composites have been first measured as well as the distribution of temperature over the combustion surface of the composites with flame-retardant additives and without them. The LOI and UL-94 HB tests showed a reduction in the flammability of GFRER when flame retardants were added and predicted a higher effectiveness of DDM-DOPO compared to graphene. Adding DDM-DOPO resulted in increasing the rate of formation of the volatile pyrolysis products and their yield, indicating, together with the other data obtained, the gas phase mechanism of the flame retardant’s action. Adding graphene resulted in an increase in the soot release on the burning surface and an increase in the amount of non-volatile pyrolysis products on the burning surface, reducing the amount of fuel that participated in the oxidation reactions in the gas phase. The developed numerical combustion model for GFRER with a DDM-DOPO additive, based on the action of DDM-DOPO as a flame retardant acting in the gas phase, satisfactorily predicts the effect of this flame retardant on the reduction in downward ROS over GFRER for 45–50% oxygen concentrations. The developed model for GFRER with graphene additive, based on a reduction in the amount of fuel and increase in the amount of incombustible volatile pyrolysis products when graphene is added, predicts with good accuracy downward ROS over GFRER depending on oxygen concentration.

AB - For the first time, next to the flammability tests (LOI, UL-94 HB, VBB, TGA), experimental tests and computer simulation have been conducted on the flame spread and combustion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins (GFRER) with 6% graphene and 6% DDM-DOPO flame-retardant additives. The downward rates of flame spread (ROS) in opposed flow with oxidizer and the upward ROS along GFRER composites have been first measured as well as the distribution of temperature over the combustion surface of the composites with flame-retardant additives and without them. The LOI and UL-94 HB tests showed a reduction in the flammability of GFRER when flame retardants were added and predicted a higher effectiveness of DDM-DOPO compared to graphene. Adding DDM-DOPO resulted in increasing the rate of formation of the volatile pyrolysis products and their yield, indicating, together with the other data obtained, the gas phase mechanism of the flame retardant’s action. Adding graphene resulted in an increase in the soot release on the burning surface and an increase in the amount of non-volatile pyrolysis products on the burning surface, reducing the amount of fuel that participated in the oxidation reactions in the gas phase. The developed numerical combustion model for GFRER with a DDM-DOPO additive, based on the action of DDM-DOPO as a flame retardant acting in the gas phase, satisfactorily predicts the effect of this flame retardant on the reduction in downward ROS over GFRER for 45–50% oxygen concentrations. The developed model for GFRER with graphene additive, based on a reduction in the amount of fuel and increase in the amount of incombustible volatile pyrolysis products when graphene is added, predicts with good accuracy downward ROS over GFRER depending on oxygen concentration.

KW - flame retardants

KW - flame spread

KW - flammability

KW - glass fiber reinforcement

KW - numerical modeling

KW - opposed flow

KW - polymer composites

KW - pyrolysis

KW - temperature measurement

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85137584317&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/ca881195-c0f4-324e-8a34-b14b60dcec8f/

U2 - 10.3390/polym14163379

DO - 10.3390/polym14163379

M3 - Article

C2 - 36015637

AN - SCOPUS:85137584317

VL - 14

JO - Polymers

JF - Polymers

SN - 2073-4360

IS - 16

M1 - 3379

ER -