TY - JOUR

T1 - Maternal regulation of chromosomal imprinting in animals

AU - Singh, Prim B.

AU - Shloma, Victor V.

AU - Belyakin, Stepan N.

PY - 2019/6/4

Y1 - 2019/6/4

N2 - Chromosomal imprinting requires an epigenetic system that “imprints” one of the two parental chromosomes such that it results in a heritable (cell-to-cell) change in behavior of the “imprinted” chromosome. Imprinting takes place when the parental genomes are separate, which occurs during gamete formation in the respective germ-lines and post-fertilization during the period when the parental pro-nuclei lie separately within the ooplasm of the zygote. In the mouse, chromosomal imprinting is regulated by germ-line specific DNA methylation. But the methylation machinery in the respective germ-lines does not discriminate between imprinted and non-imprinted regions. As a consequence, the mouse oocyte nucleus contains over a thousand oocyte-specific germ-line differentially methylated regions (gDMRs). Upon fertilization, the sperm provides a few hundred sperm-specific gDMRs of its own. Combined, there are around 1600 imprinted and non-imprinted gDMRs in the pro-nuclei of the newly fertilized zygote. It is a remarkable fact that beginning in the maternal ooplasm, there are mechanisms that manage to preserve DNA methylation at ~ 26 known imprinted gDMRs in the face of the ongoing genome-wide DNA de-methylation that characterizes pre-implantation development. Specificity is achieved through the binding of KRAB-zinc finger proteins to their cognate recognition sequences within the gDMRs of imprinted genes. This in turn nucleates the assembly of localized heterochromatin-like complexes that preserve methylation at imprinted gDMRs through recruitment of the maintenance methyl transferase Dnmt1. These studies have shown that a germ-line imprint may cause parent-of-origin-specific behavior only if “licensed” by mechanisms that operate post-fertilization. Study of the germ-line and post-fertilization contributions to the imprinting of chromosomes in classical insect systems (Coccidae and Sciaridae) show that the ooplasm is the likely site where imprinting takes place. By comparing molecular and genetic studies across these three species, we suggest that mechanisms which operate post-fertilization play a key role in chromosomal imprinting phenomena in animals and conserved components of heterochromatin are shared by these mechanisms.

AB - Chromosomal imprinting requires an epigenetic system that “imprints” one of the two parental chromosomes such that it results in a heritable (cell-to-cell) change in behavior of the “imprinted” chromosome. Imprinting takes place when the parental genomes are separate, which occurs during gamete formation in the respective germ-lines and post-fertilization during the period when the parental pro-nuclei lie separately within the ooplasm of the zygote. In the mouse, chromosomal imprinting is regulated by germ-line specific DNA methylation. But the methylation machinery in the respective germ-lines does not discriminate between imprinted and non-imprinted regions. As a consequence, the mouse oocyte nucleus contains over a thousand oocyte-specific germ-line differentially methylated regions (gDMRs). Upon fertilization, the sperm provides a few hundred sperm-specific gDMRs of its own. Combined, there are around 1600 imprinted and non-imprinted gDMRs in the pro-nuclei of the newly fertilized zygote. It is a remarkable fact that beginning in the maternal ooplasm, there are mechanisms that manage to preserve DNA methylation at ~ 26 known imprinted gDMRs in the face of the ongoing genome-wide DNA de-methylation that characterizes pre-implantation development. Specificity is achieved through the binding of KRAB-zinc finger proteins to their cognate recognition sequences within the gDMRs of imprinted genes. This in turn nucleates the assembly of localized heterochromatin-like complexes that preserve methylation at imprinted gDMRs through recruitment of the maintenance methyl transferase Dnmt1. These studies have shown that a germ-line imprint may cause parent-of-origin-specific behavior only if “licensed” by mechanisms that operate post-fertilization. Study of the germ-line and post-fertilization contributions to the imprinting of chromosomes in classical insect systems (Coccidae and Sciaridae) show that the ooplasm is the likely site where imprinting takes place. By comparing molecular and genetic studies across these three species, we suggest that mechanisms which operate post-fertilization play a key role in chromosomal imprinting phenomena in animals and conserved components of heterochromatin are shared by these mechanisms.

KW - Chromosomal imprinting

KW - Epigenetics

KW - Genomic imprinting

KW - Germ-line differentially methylated regions

KW - H3K9me3:HP1:H4K20me3 pathway

KW - Heterochromatin

KW - Mus musculus

KW - Non-coding RNA

KW - Parent-of-origin effects

KW - Plannococcus citri

KW - Sciara coprophila

KW - SOFT SCALE

KW - DNA METHYLATION

KW - MEALY BUG

KW - SCIARA-COPROPHILA DIPTERA

KW - ZFP57

KW - X-HETEROCHROMATIN

KW - EMBRYONIC STEM-CELLS

KW - EPIGENETIC REGULATION

KW - PLANOCOCCUS-CITRI

KW - DOSAGE PATERNAL IRRADIATION

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85061094066&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s00412-018-00690-5

DO - 10.1007/s00412-018-00690-5

M3 - Review article

C2 - 30719566

AN - SCOPUS:85061094066

VL - 128

SP - 69

EP - 80

JO - Chromosoma

JF - Chromosoma

SN - 0009-5915

IS - 2

ER -