TY - JOUR

T1 - Energy recovery twin linear e+e−, e−e− colliders (ERLC ) with high luminosities and accelerating gradients

AU - Telnov, V.I.

N1 - This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Russia (grant number 24-22-00288).

PY - 2026/9

Y1 - 2026/9

N2 - A recently proposed superconducting linear collider with energy recovery (ERLC) and multiple beam reuse employs twin RF structures to eliminate parasitic collisions in the linacs. Such a collider can operate in either pulsed or continuous-wave (CW) mode, achieving a luminosity of ∂(1036) cm−2s−1 at 2퐸0 = 250–500 GeV. This paper demonstrates that in pulsed mode, the ERLC luminosity is independent of the accelerating gradient for a fixed total power, enabling operation at the highest available gradients. A similar independence holds for the CW mode when the available power significantly exceeds the operational threshold. The luminosity scales with the cavity quality factor as 퐿 ∝ 푄1∕20. We also present, for the first time, a study of a twin 푒−푒− ERLC and estimate its performance. This configuration is simpler than the 푒+푒− version as it eliminates the need for beam recirculation; electrons can be generated anew for each cycle. In this case, the luminosity scales as 퐿 ∝ 푄1∕40. Furthermore, the use of traveling-wave (TW) RF structures allows for higher gradients and reducedthermal loading. We show that an ERLC with 퐺 = 40 MeV/m can operate in CW mode, reaching luminosities of 퐿푒+푒−= (1–2.5)×1036 and 퐿푒−푒−= (3–7)×1036 cm−2s−1 at 2퐸0 = 250 and 500 GeV, respectively, with a total power consumption of 150–300 MW. These results position the ERLC as a highly promising candidate for a future Higgs factory.

AB - A recently proposed superconducting linear collider with energy recovery (ERLC) and multiple beam reuse employs twin RF structures to eliminate parasitic collisions in the linacs. Such a collider can operate in either pulsed or continuous-wave (CW) mode, achieving a luminosity of ∂(1036) cm−2s−1 at 2퐸0 = 250–500 GeV. This paper demonstrates that in pulsed mode, the ERLC luminosity is independent of the accelerating gradient for a fixed total power, enabling operation at the highest available gradients. A similar independence holds for the CW mode when the available power significantly exceeds the operational threshold. The luminosity scales with the cavity quality factor as 퐿 ∝ 푄1∕20. We also present, for the first time, a study of a twin 푒−푒− ERLC and estimate its performance. This configuration is simpler than the 푒+푒− version as it eliminates the need for beam recirculation; electrons can be generated anew for each cycle. In this case, the luminosity scales as 퐿 ∝ 푄1∕40. Furthermore, the use of traveling-wave (TW) RF structures allows for higher gradients and reducedthermal loading. We show that an ERLC with 퐺 = 40 MeV/m can operate in CW mode, reaching luminosities of 퐿푒+푒−= (1–2.5)×1036 and 퐿푒−푒−= (3–7)×1036 cm−2s−1 at 2퐸0 = 250 and 500 GeV, respectively, with a total power consumption of 150–300 MW. These results position the ERLC as a highly promising candidate for a future Higgs factory.

KW - Superconducting linear collider

KW - Energy recovery

KW - e＋e− colliders

KW - e−e− colliders

KW - Accelerating gradient

KW - Twin RF structures

KW - Higgs factory

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036852453

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171606

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171606

M3 - Article

VL - 1089

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

SN - 0168-9002

M1 - 171606

ER -